Introduction: Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (RSA)is a common occurrence present in approximately 15 to 20% of clinically detectable pregnancies. Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion is still one of the most challenging reproductive issues globally. It is one of the most common pregnancy complications. Recurrent miscarriage refers to two or more miscarriages in a row before the twentieth week of pregnancy. Recurrent Spontaneous abortions are classified into primary and secondary categories. In primary Recurrent miscarriages, a successful pregnancy has never occurred, but in secondary cases, Recurrent miscarriages occur after live birth. Causes of Recurrent miscarriages can be a variety of causes including chromosomal and genetic disorders, anatomical defects, congenital or acquired changes in uterine anatomy, immunological disorders, hereditary thrombophilia, infection, various hormonal disorders, obesity, and true antiphospholipid syndrome. This review article highlights the current understanding of the various etiologies of Recurrent Spontaneous miscarriages, including anatomical defects, genetic disorders, immunological disorders, thrombophilia, and infection.

Objectives: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and vitamin D (VD) deficiency are implicated in miscarriages. This study aims to determine the seroprevalence of CMV in miscarriage and investigate the effect of VD deficiency risks in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from February 2020 to April 2021. The study included 75 participants, with 50 women with Recurrent miscarriages (the case group) and 25 healthy women (the control group), all of whom had abortions between the ages of 15 and 40. Results: The CMV IgM and IgG antibodies were seropositive at 6% and 98%, respectively. The CMV IgM and IgG prevalence among women with abortions were 0. 4 ±,0. 21 for IgM antibodies and 259. 5 ±,169. 9 for IgG antibodies at higher levels compared to the control group, which was 0. 18 ±,0. 07 for IgM antibodies and 98 ±,89. 7 for IgG antibodies. The VD level was evaluated in the case group (7. 1 ±,8. 24) and the control group (25. 5 ±,6. 02) based on two age ranges: 28 (56%) in 15–, 27 years, and 22 (44%) in 28–, 36 years. On the other hand, the results for the control group were 15-27 years and 28-36 years, with 13 (52%) and 12 (48%), respectively. Conclusions: CMV IgG positive was associated with younger ages because potential reproductive increases with age. Recurrent miscarriages have a strong relationship with VD deficiency. The greater the VD deficiency, the greater the risk for women with more than two abortions in a row.